Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis Essay - 2142 Words

Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis Please make sure that our little one has blond hair and blue eyes, and I want him to be a good athlete and very intellectual. Oh, and doc, make him disease free please. Is that all? You two aren’t very particular are you? This will be an easy case. We will continue with the implantation in two days. With the enormous advancement of Technology in many areas of Genetic Diagnosis, parents and doctors seem to defy Mother Nature and maybe even God every day. An example of this phenomenon is Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis. Do the advantages this technology brings outweigh the disadvantages? Who should be final authority? Will the advancement of†¦show more content†¦The procedure is repeated for each blastomere and the disorder-free cells are returned to the blastocyst for further incubation and later implanted into the mother.3 Micromanipulation mimics the purpose of other genetic diagnosis approaches like amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling.5,4 In these procedures a sample of the amniotic fluid and/or the placenta are taken during pregnancy for genetic diagnosis. If signs of genetic abnormality exist, pregnancy might be and usually is terminated. What types of genetic abnormalities can PID screen for? First of all, only high-risk cases are tested, meaning either one (25 percent risk) or both parents (50 percent risk) is/are known carriers or persons with the disease. Furthermore, conditions must be pre-confirmed and studied before the procedure can be done because there is such a little amount of sample (cells) test. Therefore, there is a limitation on the capability of the procedure to effectively weed out genetic irregularity.3 The following genetic disorders may now be prevented using the PID method: Alzheimer disease (AAP) Cystic Fibrosis Fanconi Anemia Hemophilia Muscular Dystrophy Neurofibromatosis Type I p 53 Cancers Sickle Cell disease Spinal Muscular trophy Tay Sachs Disease Exactly how successful is the PID technique? The first PID baby was born in London in 1989.5 However, in the United States the PID technique is virtually infantile. OnlyShow MoreRelatedVitro And Pre Implantation Genetic Diagnosis2610 Words   |  11 Pagesand pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) can both be used when there is difficulty for a couple to naturally conceive on their own. IVF is defined as a series of procedures used to treat fertility or genetic problems and assist with the conception of a child. During IVF, mature eggs are collected from your ovaries and fertilized by sperm in a lab. IVF is the most effective assisted form of reproduction. PGD is defined as the testing of pre-implantation stage embryos or oocytes for genetic defectsRead MoreArgumentative +/- Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis1001 Words   |  5 Pagesthat you re having trouble conceiving because of a genetic abnormality you never even knew you had. Your mind races and your heart sinks. How is this possible? You never thought you would have to deal with not being able to have a baby one day. There are several options you have to try and conceive without passing on the genetic abnormalityÂ… the doctor continues to explain, but the one I would recommend first is Pre Implantation Genetic Diagnosis. You and your wife finally decide on PGD, a typeRead MoreEmbryos : Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis?1121 Words   |  5 PagesWhat PGD is: Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis is a procedure used before implantation to identify genetic defects within embryos. It is used to prevent certain genetic diseases or disorders from being passed on to the child by detecting irregularities in the number or structure of embryo chromosomes. The embryos used in the process are generally created through in vitro fertilisation and PGD is used with an IVF cycle to increase the potential for a successful pregnancy and delivery. PGD refersRead MorePgd : Pre Implantation Genetic Diagnosis2264 Wo rds   |  10 PagesPGD – Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis. IVF is known as in vitro fertilisation. This procedure is done by removing an egg from a female, and a sperm cell from the male and combining the egg and sperm in a test tube. These two then form together and create a zygote, which then begins separating into and forming an embryo . Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD). It is known as the pre testing of pre-implanted embryos for genetic disorders. This operation has been put into place for couples whoseRead MoreIvf And Pre Implantation Genetic Diagnosis2484 Words   |  10 PagesThe use of IVF and Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis In many cases natural conception, where the sperm from the male meets the matured female egg fails to work – the female does not get pregnant. Often after multiple failed attempts In-virto (IVF) is a viable option in order for a successful pregnancy to take place. The process of IVF involves an egg or multiple eggs from the woman’s ovaries and then fertilised by their male partners sperm in a laboratory. The fertilised egg, which should now haveRead MoreVitro And Pre Implantation Genetic Diagnosis1478 Words   |  6 Pagesfertilization (IVF) and pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) can both be used when there is difficulty for a couple to naturally conceive on their own. IVF is defined as a complex series of procedures used to treat fertility or genetic problems and assist with the conception of a child. During IVF, mature eggs are collected from your ovaries and fertilized by sperm in a lab. IVF is the most effective assisted form of reproduction. PGD is defined as the testing of pre-implantation stage embryos or oocytesRead MorePgd, Or Pre Implantation Genetic Diagnosis1912 Words   |  8 PagesPGD, or pre-implantation genetic diagnosis uses IVF, in vitro fertilisation (fertilization of an egg in a laboratory dish or test tube) , to screen and scan embryos for any potential birth defects or conditions, such as Huntington’s Disease, Cystic Fibrosis or Downs Syndrome. PGD gives parents the options of being able to have healthy children, without the fear that they could inherit one of these many genetic conditions. PGD is used after two failed cycles of IVF, in which the egg and the spermRead MoreA Short Note On Pre Implantation Genetic Diagnosis1304 Words   |  6 PagesERT – PRE-IMPLANTATION GENETIC DIAGNOSIS Cystic Fibrosis: Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (or PGD as it is more commonly called) is majorly used to test for 2 things; specifically known genetic conditions, and chromosomal abnormality. Ultimately it allows only normal cells, which are cells unaffected by the disorder it is testing for, to be selected and used for the IVF process. PGD is popularly used as it maximizes the chance of having a healthy baby which is a big health concern of potentialRead MoreUse Of Ivf And Pre Implantation Genetic Diagnosis ( Pgd )1652 Words   |  7 PagesThe use of IVF and Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) 1. Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis, or PGD, is a procedure that people can go through to avoid passing down inheritable conditions that can have dangerous long-term effects on their children. It involves screening the mother’s embryos by In-vitro Fertilisation (IVF) for mutations, and selecting healthy embryos for further treatment. This can ‘increase the chance of a genetically normal pregnancy and the chance of having a healthy babyRead MorePgd Is Known As Pre Implantation Genetic Diagnosis2465 Words   |  10 PagesPGD is known as pre-implantation genetic diagnosis. â€Å"It is a procedure involving the removal of one or two cells from an embryo and subsequent genetic testing of these cells for specific genetic conditions or chromosomal disorders. PGD involves having an IVF treatment. During the IVF cycle, one or more cells are removed from each embryo in a procedure called embryo biopsy, which typically happens on day 3 or 5 after egg collection. The biopsied ce lls are the transported to a genetic testing laboratory

The Emergency Department Of A County Hospital - 1083 Words

A sedated 72-year old male was admitted to the emergency department of a county hospital. The patient was complaining of chest pain and shortness of breath. This patient has a history of COPD, type-two diabetes and has quit smoking for nearly seven years. In the emergency department, the patient had labored breathing and a SpO2 of 72% on room air. This patient was then placed on BiPAP. His weight is 117kg and temperature of 99.1. Blood pressure was 61/41 on arrival to the emergency department and the patient was tachycardic with a heart rate of 145bpm. An EKG showed the patient was in atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response. IV fluids were given in the right antecubital and norepinephrine was administered. While the patient was on BiPAP with 100% FiO2, he had a SpO2 reading of 80%. The doctor decided to intubate the patient with an oral endotracheal tube size nine. Prior to the procedure the patient was sedated with fentanyl. The patient was put on PRVC with 100% FiO2. 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Silence Is Face Saved or Lost †an Cultural Study of Politeness Free Essays

Abstract The present paper focuses on silence; it is mainly dedicated to theory exploration. It firstly reviews major views of the notion of silence, namely its various norms and functions. Then it illustrates silence with examples as a polite means during conversations. We will write a custom essay sample on Silence: Is Face Saved or Lost – an Cultural Study of Politeness or any similar topic only for you Order Now Finally it summarizes that silence, as a nonverbal language, bears as many functions as speech, and sometimes it may bring about special results. Introduction When communication comes into question, in its broadest sense, two aspects catch most researchers’ eyes—speech and silence. Speech is a quite familiar subject, as when referred, communication is often specified on speech, while silence is more often than not a phenomenon which is out of awareness. As regards its strategies, communication can roughly fall into two parts—directness and indirectness, that is, the speaker can express something directly or indirectly. And to communicate successfully, we depend on both of the strategies and both of the tools, i. e. speech and silence. 2. Silence and Politeness 1. The Notion of Silence Silence has traditionally been regarded as delimiting the beginning and end of utterances, or taken simply for inaction in communicative settings, or as most researchers have defined, treated as merely background. As a matter of fact, silence plays a central importance in communicative settings. The appropriate understanding of the notion of silence can be achieved by the understanding of its various forms and functions. 2. 1. 1 Its Various Forms Silence takes various forms. The smallest unit of silence is the normally unnoticed cessation of sound in the production of consonants, which creates the pattern of consonants and vowels that makes â€Å"speech† of a vocal stream. Pausing follows and sometimes is perceived as hesitation and sometimes not perceived at all, within the stream of speech making up a speaker’s turn, and between speaker turns. The next level of silence includes pauses that are perceived in interaction such as lulls in conversation. Longer than this is the complete silence of one party to a conversation. The broadest level of silence is that which provides the structure and background against which talk is marked and meaningful merely by virtue of its occurrence. (Tannen and Saville-Troike, 1985). 2. 1. 2 Its Functions Owing to varying levels, silence bears a range of functions. At one pole are the functions of pausing in cognitive processes, impression formation, and as part of communicative style partly responsible for cultural stereotyping. At the other pole are the functions of silence as the background against which talk has meaning, or as the nonverbal activity which structures interaction. This article mainly focus on silence itself as a communicative device in interaction; either obstructer or facilitator of divine inspiration, and a means of emotion management and display. Many researchers have discussed certain functions of silence: Bruneau (1973) has dealt with â€Å"interactive silences†, which include a broad array of functions, from defining the role of auditor in a communicative exchange, to providing social control, to demonstrating difference, to indicating emotional closeness, to managing personal interaction; Jensen (1973) has also categorizing its various functions as linkage, affection, revelation, judgment, and activation. 2. Silence and Politeness Silence, to some extent, is the extreme manifestation of indirectness. If indirectness is a matter of saying one thing and meaning another, silence can be a matter of saying nothing and meaning something. 1. Face-Saving View and Politeness In communication, people often mind their face, or to say, maintain their personal image. In their face-saving view, Brown and Levinson (1978) categorize face into â€Å"positive face† and â€Å"negative face†, define negative face (NF) as â€Å"basic claim to territories, personal preserves, rights to non-distraction—i. e. freedom of action and freedom from imposition†. Positive face (PF) refers to â€Å"the positive self-image that people have and want to be appreciated and approved of by at least some people†. The two complementary sides of face have been referred to as â€Å"distance vs. involvement†, â€Å"deference vs. solidarity†, and â€Å"autonomy vs. connectional face†. Politeness is activity serving to enhance, maintain or protect face. It consists in people’s rational interaction, preserving both sides of face for each other in intrinsically face-threatening acts (FTAs) by exercising various strategies. 2. Silence as a Polite Means As the extreme manifestation of indirectness, silence has two conflicting yet simultaneous views of silence: one positive, and one negative. The positive and negative valuation of silence is a facet of the inherent ambiguity of silence as a symbol. The ambiguity of silence can be seen to arise either from what is assumed to be evidenced or from what is assumed to be omitted. So silence is probably the most ambiguous of all linguistic forms. 2. 2. 2. 1 The Role in Communication Silence does both good and bad in communication. On the one hand, it is useful when one wants to be indirect or to be polite by leaving options. Silence gives the hearer time to think of a response to what has been said before, and it can be used as a conflict—avoidance strategy. It is easier to undo silence than it is to undo words. For example: A: We’ve received word that four Tanzanian acquaintances from out of town will be arriving tomorrow. But, with our large family, we have no room to accommodate them. (Implied request: â€Å"Would you help us out? ) B: [Silence; not accompanied by any distinctive gesture or facial expression] (Denial: â€Å"I don’t want to† or â€Å"I don’t have any room either†) A: What do you think? B: Yes, that is a problem. Were you able to finish that report we were working on this morning? The negative response in the cultural milieu in which this took place violated A’s expectation that guests would be welcomed, and frustrated his goal in initiating the conversation (Tannen and Saville-Troike, 1985). Another example follows: A: Please marry me. B: [Silence; head and eyes lowered] (Acceptance) The exchange occurred between Japanese speakers. For the girl (B) to say anything would have been considered very inappropriate in this very emotional situation (Tannen and Saville-Troike, 1985). If it had occurred between Igbo speakers, silence would be interpreted as denial if she continued to stand there and as acceptance if she ran away. A: Are you still mad at me? B: [Silence] (Affirmative) It is noteworthy that the silence here conveys a message precisely because it forms part of an interactional communicative structure. It does not deny or terminate the interaction which would require some other act, and so cooperatively invites interpretation. In each of these exchanges, speaker B selected silence from the possible repertoire of response forms available to convey his or her intended meaning. In a word, silence can be the positive means to prevent from employing some determinate expression, considering the place of silence in relation to other communicative structures. On the other hand, one’s failure to say something that is expected in a given moment by the other party can be interpreted as a sign of hostility or dumbness. . 2. 2. 2 Silence, Face-Saving View and Politeness Silence is seen as positive when taken as evidence of the existence of something positive underlying—for example, proper respect; the silence of the telephone when it represents solitude for creative work; the silence of, as the phrase expresses, â€Å"sweet silent thought†; and the silence of perfect rapport between intimates who do not have to exchange words. But silence is also seen as positive if assumed to represent the omission of something negative—â€Å"If you can’t say something nice, don’t say anything†. Silence becomes a bad thing if it seems to represent the existence of something negative—the silence of seething anger. But it is also negatively valued if it is assumed to represent the omission of something positive—the silence of the telephone when you are anxiously awaiting a particular telephone call; the omission of a greeting which constitutes being snubbed; inaction because appropriate action is not being taken. Hence, silence can be valued to have two benefits in rapport and defensiveness (Tannen and Saville-Troike, 1985). The rapport benefit comes from being understood without putting one’s meaning on record, so that understanding is seen not as the result of putting meaning into words—which presumably could be achieved with any two people who speak the same language—but rather as the greater understanding of shared perspective, experience and intimacy, the deeper sense of speaking the same language. This is the positive value of silence stemming from the existence of something positive underlying. The defensive value of silence comes from omitting to say something negative—not confronting potentially divisive information, or being able later to deny having meant what may not be received well. These two benefits can also be interpreted as connection and independence, the two overriding goals of human communication. The two goals can be referred to as the needs for deference or distance on the one hand and camaraderie on the other; or as positive face—the need to be approved of by others, and negative face—the need not to be imposed on by others. Ways of serving these needs, then, are positive and negative politeness. As is known, negative and positive politeness results from the paradoxical nature of interpersonal rapport. Connection is to be sought, because people need to be involved with others. But it is also to be avoided, as a threat to the integrity of the individual. The two benefits of silence determine that silence has a positive value as a way of serving negative politeness—not imposing on others. But silence can also have a negative value when it is seen as the failure of positive politeness—the need to be involved with others. Nonetheless silence can be seen as positive or negative by members of any culture, as it is measured against what is expected in that context. Then it may be interpreted as the observance of positive face or the observance of negative face. 3. Summary When speech is interpreted, it is not merely accounting for what can be said, but what can be said when, where, by whom, to whom, in what manner, and in what particular circumstances. It follows naturally that this line of inquiry must consider also who may not speak about what and in what situations, as well. Silence, as a nonverbal language, bears as many functions as speech, and sometimes it may bring about special results. It is not as simple as most people think. In different contexts, it can be interpreted as different meanings. Pragmatically speaking, this paper simply touches the notion of silence, and relates it with face-saving view and politeness. Silence may convey many underlying meanings in communicative settings. People resort to silence from the possible repertoire of response forms available to convey his or her intended meaning in order not to threaten others’ face for polite reason. How to cite Silence: Is Face Saved or Lost – an Cultural Study of Politeness, Papers

How To Write The Title Of A Short Story In An Essay Example For Students

How To Write The Title Of A Short Story In An Essay It was one of those nights that the sky was clear and the stars were visible. I had just defeated the stress of finals and was now ready to be back in action; the late night activity of the San Francisco underground scene was calling my name. It is where a person could go and walk down one street and probably visit at least 30 clubs by doing this. There was a particular flavor I was in search of this night, something that could make me exert my body to its fullest extent. I needed to go and release some stress by dancing at a club, I needed to let loose. When my friends Mike, Christina and I arrived in San Francisco our first destination was the Cat Club. It was a seedy little place hosted the break beat and jungle music. It wasnt much to look at it, with its dark entrance and several vagrants sleeping in the street near the entrance. A different crowd hung out there. It was a mixture of old dance party burnouts and very young ambitious club-goers. I felt confident though, I was going to go in there and knock the crowds socks off. I was in my best fits (outfit); I was wearing my black old school Adidas running suit with white stripes, and a black Kangol hat. The Adidas Superstar shoes that I was wearing had my white fat laces in them, to add a little flavor, but the shoes themselves looked almost war torn; they were scared from many other late nights. As the line moved forward closer to the entrance of the club, I could feel the pulsating vibes of the music like a gust of wind every time the door was opened to allow other patrons int o the club. It sounded wild in there, I was outside and I wanted to be in there so bad. Just the sound of the music and feeling of the vibration was making me more anxious then ever. I felt like a little kid waiting for Christmas.I needed to be inside, on the dance floor, just it and me. I was going to dance tonight. Suddenly, the line had stopped. What was going on? This couldnt be happening I needed to be inside; I needed to feel weightless and sweaty from some fast paced break dancing. My legs were jittery with anticipation. I felt like I was going to go mad. Mike being as pushy as he usually is walked up to the bouncer and in his English accent said to him, Oie, whats the hold up, why are we still standing outside freezing our bullocks off The bouncer looked at him with amazement that someone would actually approach him that way. I heard him say very humbly, that the bathroom had been backed up so they needed to clean the overflow and it would be about 33 minutes; he said that t hey didnt want to let anymore people in so it wouldnt intensify the mess. It was understandable, but I was now at the edge. Mike walked back and looked over he knew without saying anything that I had heard what the bouncer said. Not a word was said for about 5 minutes until Christina began whining, I am so bored waiting in line just is not fun! My clothes are too expensive to just be standing here in the street!!!! As pretty as I am she be the first one in, god damn it!!!! She was a bit self-centered. She loved to play the displaced glamour queen. I didnt pay much attention to her; I just needed to dance! At this point it felt as though all of the stress that had built up from school was coming back tenfold. I hated waiting in line at clubs it was the worst thing to do. Usually you would know someone at the club and they would put you on the list or the line moved pretty quick. I felt like a social reject waiting in line with people that I had never noticed in any club before. I sat here and wondered where the hell were most of theses people when I